The History About The Patients Monitoring

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

PATIENTS MONITORING

Regular monitoring allows proper dose and reduce the risk of syncope and then blinded, lost circulation and other complications. Many examples of diseases that would benefit from constant monitoring or long-lasting, such as high blood pressure, asthma, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, kidney failure, post-operative monitoring, pressure monitoring, and prevention of sudden infant death syndrome sudden. This application can be considered as an indicator for the size of the market for WBANs. The number of people suffering from diabetes or cardiovascular disease and the percentage of people in the population age 60 years and older will grow in the future. Even without any increase in world population by 2025 this means a very large number of potential customers. WBAN technology can provide connectivity to support older people in managing their daily lives and medical conditions.

A WBAN enable continuous monitoring of physiological parameters. Whether the patient is in the hospital, at home or on the go, patients no longer need to stay in bed, but will be able to move freely. Furthermore, the data obtained during a large period of time in nature offer patients a clearer view of the doctor from the data obtained during a short stay in hospital. A medical WBAN is used for monitoring the patient shown in Figure 1. Some sensors are placed in clothes, directly on the body or under the skin and measure temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, EEG, respiration rate, SpO2 levels. Next to the sensing device, the patient has a driver that acts as a drug delivery system. Drugs that can be delivered at moments that have been set, which is triggered by an external source or immediately when the sensor notices a problem.

Monitoring of blood glucose levels in diabetic patients may be one example. If a sharp decrease glucose monitoring sensor, the signal can be transmitted to the driver to start insulin injections. Therefore, patients will experience little interference from his illness. A WBAN can also be used to provide assistance to people with disabilities. In addition, the driver put on the feet can stimulate muscles. The interaction between the data from the sensors and actuators make it possible to restore the ability to move and help to visually. An artificial retina, which consists of a matrix of micro sensors, can be implanted into the eye under the retina surface. Artificial retina translates the electrical impulses to nerve signals. Input can be obtained locally from the light-sensitive sensor or by an external camera mounted on a pair of glasses. Another field of application is available in the public safety domain where WBAN that can be used by firefighters, police or military environment.

Figure 1: Patient monitoring in Body Area Network

TAXONOMY AND REQUIREMENTS

In this section picture of various types of devices will be used in WBAN. This includes a wide variety of data rate, power consumption is limited, the need for quality service and reliability, ease-of-use by medical professionals and the issues of security and privacy. These types of tools are:

(Wireless) Sensor node:

Devices that meet and gather data about the physical stimulus if necessary to process data and report this information wirelessly. It consists of several components: hardware sensors, a power unit, processor, memory and a transmitter or receiver.

(Wireless) Actuator node:

Devices that act on the data received from sensors or through interaction with the user. Component is equal to the sensor actuator: actuator hardware, power unit, processor, memory and a receiver or receiver.

(Wireless) Personal Device (PD):

Device that gathers all the information acquired by the sensors and actuators and inform the user through the outer gate, and LED driver or display on the device. Component is a unit of power, the processor (big), memory and receive. This device is also known as the Body Control Unit (BCU), gateway or sink body. In some implementations, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) or smart phone use. Many types of sensors and actuators used in a WBAN. The main use of all these devices can be found in health applications. In the following term node refers to both the sensor actuator nodes. Number of nodes in WBAN is limited by the nature of the network.

SECURITY

Delivery of health-related information among sensors in WBAN is subject to the following security requirements such as data confidentiality, data integrity, data integrity and data freshness. Confidentiality of the data means that the information sent is very personal and can only be accessed by authorized persons, the doctor treating the patient. It is usually achieved by encrypting the information before sending it using a secret key and can be both symmetric and asymmetrically. A Message Authentication Code (MaC3) is calculated using a shared secret key. Data integrity will ensure that the information received is never interrupted. This can be checked by confirming March Data freshness guarantee that data received recently and did not play the old messages to cause interference. The number of sensors on the human body, and the range of different nodes, usually quite limited. Furthermore, the sensors used in WBAN which is under the supervision of the conduct of these devices. This means that it is difficult for an attacker to nodes without physical access is detected. When designing a security protocol for WBANs, features need to be taken into accounting order to define optimized solutions with respect to the available resources in this specific environment.

One of the most crucial components to support the security architecture is its key management. Further, security and privacy protection mechanisms use a significant part of the available resources and should therefore be energy efficient and lightweight. A solution for data integrity and freshness was proposed. Their integrity algorithm is based on the measurement of a permissible round trip time threshold and is computational feasible.

Biometrics is a technique commonly known as the automatic identification and verification of an individual by his or her physiological and or behavioral characteristics. An algorithm based on biometric data is described that can be employed to ensure the authenticity, confidentiality and integrity of the data transmission between the personal device and all other nodes. Algorithms that use the heartbeat to generate a key are proposed. Body-coupled communication (BCC) is used to associate new sensors in a WBAN.

POSITIONING WBANs

A Consequence, the terminology is not always clearly defined. In literature, Developed protocols for WBANs communication from cans span between the sensors on the body to body communication from a node to a data center connected to the Internet. In order to have clear understanding, we propose the Following definitions are intra-body communication and extra-body communication. n example shown on Figure 2. The former Controls the information handling on the body between the Sensors or Actuators and the personal device, the Latter ensures communication between the personal device and an external network. Tier 1 encompasses the intra-body communication, tier 2 the extra-body communication between the personal devices and the internet and tier 3 represents the extra-body communication from the Internet to the medical server. The combination of intra-body and extra-body communication cans be seen as an enabler for ubiquitous health care service provisioning. Mostly, These implementations focus on the repackaging of traditional Existing sensors with wireless devices. They Consider a very limited WBAN consisting of only a few sensors are that's Directly and wirelessly connected to a personal device. Furthermore the transceivers used with a large form factor and large that's Antennas are not adapted for use on a body.

Figure 2: Intra-body and extra-body communication in a WBAN

VI. CONCLUSION

BANs are enabling human-centric sensing for a variety if intriguing applications in healthcare, fitness and entertainment. The promise of this technology should not be restricted to one area. Fitness and entertainment are taking new directions. The architecture that captures body motion for medical assessment is equally adept at capturing body motion for videogame. New sensors will only increase the breadth of potential applications and market opportunities and propel this technology into applications formerly depicted only. A WBAN is expected to be a very useful technology with potential to offer a wide range of  benefits to patients, medical personnel and society through continuous monitoring and early detection of possible problems. With the current technological evolution, sensors and radios will soon be applied as skin patches. Furthermore, the sensors will seamlessly be integrated in a WBAN. These evolutions will bring us closer to a fully operational WBAN that acts as an enabler for improving the Quality of Life.

VII. References

[1] M.Patel and J.Wang, "Applications, Challenges, and Prospective in Emerging Body Area Networking Technologies", IEEE Wireless Communications, Feb.2010

[2] R. L. Ashok, et al., "Next-Generation Wearable Networks," IEEE Computer Mag., pp.31-39, Nov., 2003

[3] M. Chen, S. Gonzalez, A. Vasilakos, H. Cao, and V. C.Leung. Body area networks: A survey. Mob. Netw.Appl., 16(2):171{193, Apr. 2011.

[4]http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-08/ftp/ban/index.html