Tele Geo Processing Application

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

1G uses analogue signals with up to 2.4Kbps. It was the simplest type to wireless data and voice was the main traffic. 1G is based on FDMA. (Churi, Surendran, Tigdi, & Yewale, 2012)

Second Generation (2G)

2G uses digital signals with up to 64Kbps. It is based on TDMA and increased quality of service. It allowed the introduction of digital data transfer such as the SMS, MMS, web browsing and Email. (Churi, Surendran, Tigdi, & Yewale, 2012)

Third Generation (3G)

3G promise faster communication services (includes voice, fax and internet) with an increased in spectrum frequency. 3G supports 144 Kbps bandwidth with high speed movement, 384 Kbps and 2 Mbps for stationary. 3G is based on either circuit switching or packet switching. Its characteristics are universal access, portability, video calling. (Churi, Surendran, Tigdi, & Yewale, 2012)

Fourth Generation (4G)

4G is also known as ‘Beyond 3G’ and it is a collection of technologies to create a fully packet-switched networks optimised for data, providing speed of 100Mbps to 1 Gbps. It promises higher data rates and expanded multimedia services, end-to-end quality of service and high security. Its main characteristics are HD streaming, portability increased to worldwide roaming. MAGIC is one of the terms to describe 4G, and it is defined below:

M – Mobile Multimedia

A – Anytime anywhere

G – Global mobility support

I – Integrated wireless solution

C – Customised personal service

(Ibrahim, 2006)

A comprehensive IP solution (IP-oriented) where data, voice and streamed video / audio can be provide to users on an "anytime, anywhere" basis with a higher data rates than previous generations will be provided by the 4th generation. (Basudeo, 2012)

A completely new fully IP-based integrated system or systems and networks achieved after convergence of wired and wireless networks. (Ibrahim, 2006)

Technologies Used by 4G

Communications Architectures

Broadcast layer – fix access points connected by fibre, microwave

Ad hoc / hot-spot layer – wireless LAN

Personal layer gateway – devices that connect to upper layers: cell phone, fax, voice, data modem, MP3 players, PDAs.

Info-sensor layer – environmental sensors

Fibre-optic wire layer – high speed subterranean labyrinth of fibre optic cables and repeaters

Ad Hoc Networks

Ad hoc networks spontaneous create self-organised networks of devices which may not necessarily be connected to the internet. Hybrid wireless networks will be created by 4G using Ad-Hoc networks which forms mesh networking that is very reliable.

Smart antennas

Smart antennas beam radio signals directly at users and follow the users as they move. They can be used to find, tune and turn up signal information. Since the antennas can both "listen" and "talk", a smart antenna can send signals back in the same direction that they came from. Smart antennas permit other users to user the same radio frequency without any interference. When the device is moving fast the transmission speed can’t keep up.

OFDM

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) allows for transfer of more data than other form of multiplexers (time, frequency, code). It simplifies the design of the transmitter and receiver and allows the use of almost the entire frequency band. OFDM is currently used in WiMax and WiFi. Frequencies are spaced so that they do not interface with each other. OFDM also allows for parallel data transmission which permits the sending of multiple signals simultaneously from the same antenna to other device.

MIMO

MIMO (Multiple-input and Multiple-output) uses multiple antennas to transmit multiple parallel signals.

MIMO can be used to advance applications such as:

Streaming video and audio

VoIP

Video Conferencing

Mobile TV

(MIMO: Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)

IPv6

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) support is needed that to support a large number of wireless devices, since IPv6 has much larger address space and removing the need for NAT. However NAT will still be used to provide backward compatibility with IPv4 networks. In the context of 4G, IPv6 also enables a number of applications with better security, route optimisation capabilities and security.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

VoIP allows only IP packets to be transferred. This is done by wrapping all voice data in a packet for faster transmission. Voice data are sampled between 8000 and 64000 times per second and creates a stream of bits which is compressed and placed into a packet.

SDR System

A SDR (Software Defined Radio) is the use of software to configure to any radio or frequency standard. In the context of 4G, a SDR would have the ability to work on different broadband networks and would have the ability to transfer to another seamlessly while traveling outside of the user’s home network. Its advantage is that it can be dynamically update for emerging wireless standard with new software without any changes to hardware.

Applications of 4G

Virtual Presence

It will provide the user services at all times, even if the user if off-site.

Virtual Navigation

It will provide users with virtual navigation through which a user can access a database of street, buildings, etc., of a large city.

Tele-Geo processing application

4G will combine geographical information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS) in which a user will get location querying.

Tele-medicine

4G will support the remote health monitoring of patients via video conference assistance for a doctor at anytime and anywhere.

Education

4G will provide a good opportunity to people anywhere in the world to continue their education online in a cost-effective manner.

Features

4G has support for interactive streaming video, voice, internet, multimedia and other broadband services with a fully IP based mobile system. It provides high speed, high capacity with low rate.

Global access, service portability and scalable mobile services

Seamless switching and a variety of quality of services

Better scheduling and call-admission-control techniques

Ad-hoc and multi-hop networks

Better spectral efficiency

Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces since 4G will be all-IP, 4G systems to be compatible with all common network technologies, including 802.11, WCDMA, Bluetooth, and hyper LAN.

Interoperability with existing wireless networks

An all IP, packet switched network.

Evolution towards 5th Generation

The 5G is a completed wireless communication with almost no limitation; somehow people called it real wireless world with additional features such as multimedia newspapers, also to watch T.V programs with the clarity as to that of an HD T.V., wearable devices with AI capabilities. 5G will bring almost perfect real world wireless or called "WWW: World Wide Wireless Web".

Projected 4G systems or 5G system will reduce the number of technologies to a single global standard.

The 4th generation has already the features of streaming video and uses IPv6 which is very useful for the coming generation, since the 5th generation will need streaming video and the high definition part should be added.