Hardware And Softwares Calculations And Questions

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

Author: Shaid Khan

Student ID: S12769724

Abstract:

Author: Shaid Khan

It is important to acknowledge what is a computer network. A computer network is a form of communication between two different users using some form of computerise device. A network itself is basically a form of communication which can be anything from smoke signals or using laser beams in order to transmits data. The objectives of this report are to display knowledge of a computer network between relationship of hardware and software. In addition explain the purpose of the 7 layer "Networking Model". Plus, display the information requires supporting small businesses and security issues surrounding modern IT systems.

Introduction

Overtime forms of communication are gradually going smaller with the increasing amount of technological devices. Within this report I will address a number of issues associated with network. I will address the following:

Data encoding and number system: I will be answering questions base upon correcting multiple test question.

Answering question based upon hardware and networking: I will be explaining the purposes of a router and how they help in communication and transferring files from a wireless LAN point. I will also explain the differences between a Transmission Control Protocol (also known as TCP) and Internet Protocol (known as IP) and the internet layer.

Specify component needed for a real life case study: I will create a network design in order to meet the requirement of company. I will be network diagram drawn both in Microsoft Word and within a Network Diagram Tool. I will also give a table giving the exact hardware’s and software’s require within the design and a justification for each hardware and software chosen’s.

A Reference and Bibliography sections will be provided. I will also provide an Appendix for certain fact which cannot be stated within this report.

Table of Contents

*CTRL + Click will allow you to automatically travel to the require page

Part A: Multiple Choices:

Question Number:

Answer:

1

H

2

D

3

M

4

I

5

E

6

A

7

J

8

F

9

B

10

K

11

B

12

D

13

M

14

K

15

I

16

G

17

E

18

C

19

A

20

L

(See Appendix A for Question and Answer Version)

Part B: Design Exercise

I will be using the information provided to design a Network Diagram to meet the specification of my company. The Diagram display will be based upon the Network Topology which will display both physical layout (Physical Topology) and the data flow within the network (Logical Topology). The diagrams were created in both Microsoft word and E-Draw Max.

The type of Topology I have chosen is the Tree topology. This type of topology is known as a Hybrid Topology which fuses a single Star topology with branching Star topologies together. This design wills subnet the area within the network to ensure that collision will occur within certain areas. This hence reduces the amount of collision domain within the network.

I will be creating a Twisted Pair Ethernet design (also known as Ethernet over Twisted Pair) which will incorporate a central Switch which will connect 4 Hubs by a CAT 5 crossover cable. This type of design has been known to improve a network performance. I will also take advantage of the spare room within the design to add the servers and the router in.

I have also decided to add a print server within the design in order to stop the overflow of messages to the printer which could actually stop the printer from functioning. I will also provide a Virtual Private Network router to ensure maximum security as possible. I will be providing a software base firewall and an antivirus program as well.

Total Cost (Inc. VATs):

CAT 6 UTP Cables

Switch

PS

Administrator Room

Sales RoomTree Network Diagram Structure:

CAT 5e UTP Cables

UTP

Hub

FS

DS

ES

Deliveries Roomhttps://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTnDhJxJTqeKO7AqFSI80S47hkzEUteJ7ZLmCtlKaQPVrPcx4x5lA

Keys: ES = Email Server DS = Database Server PS = Print Server FS = File Server UTP = Interrupt Power Supply

Internet

Spare Room

Printer

Computers

Warehouse Room

10 Meter

Firewall

Router

Network Tree Diagram:

Hardware or Software (Image):

Quantity:

Technical Specification:

Purposes:

Recommendation

Safety Precautions:

Price:

Asus GX-D1081 Switch

http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41kbkCAKb2L._SL500_AA300_.jpg

1

Specification:

Data Transfer Rate: 10 Mbps

100 Mbps

1000 Mbps

Connector Types: 8 x RJ 45

MAC Table: 4K

Packet Buffer: 1M Bit

Transmission Method: Store and Forward

Power Consumption: 7.5 Watt

Protocols: 802.3 10BaseT

802.3U 100BaseTx

802.3ab 1000BaseT

802.3x Flow Control

A Switch is a type of Devices which can break up a collisions domain. The purpose of buying this particular switch is due to the price. In addition I can break up the amount of collision which can occur within the Network to certain Subnet. Henceforth this will reduce the amount of collision occurring within the Network increase performance.

The Asus switch has been known to conserve energy reducing the amount of energy being used. Within a business environment this mean less money needed to spend on electricity.

Do not open the switch device. Ensure that all plugs are off before inserting cables in. Wear Rubber glove when inserting cables into device.

£43.49

References:

Independent Cost:

Amazon / Seller Name: Solwise Ltd / Asus GX-D1081 8 Port Gigabit Switch /

URL: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Asus-GX-D1081-port-gig-switch/dp/B00681MHJ2/ref=sr_1_5?s=computers&ie=UTF8&qid=1362580402&sr=1-5 / Last updated: 15 Nov 2011 / Date of Access: March 01, 2013, Time of Access: 14: 55

Specification:

ASUS / Author Not Mention / GX-D1081 / URL: http://www.asus.com/Networking/GXD1081/#specifications

Last updated: (Not Mention) / Date of Access: March 01, 2013, Time of Access: 15.15

Network Requirements:

Central Network Switch:

Hardware or Software (Image):

Quantity:

Technical Specification:

Purposes:

Recommendation

Safety Precautions:

Price:

CAT 6 UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Network Cables

CAT 6 UTP Network Patch Cables

5 x 5M Cables

1 x 10M Cables

2 x 20M

Cables

Specification:

Maximum Range: 100 Meter

Header Section: RJ45

Conductor Metal: Copper

Heat Resistant: 75c Minimum

Insulation Material: High Density

polyethylene

A Crossover Cables are used in order to connect to type of devices such as a switch or hubs together. I will be using a crossover to connect the central switch to all the hubs and servers. In addition UTP cables are mainly used within twisted pair Ethernet.

The UTP cables have been known to be the most common and fastest copper cables. The CAT 6 has been known mainly to be used on Networking environment. In addition the small design allows them to bend easily around walls.

Ensure that all plugs are off before inserting cables into devices. Wear Rubber glove when inserting cables into device.

£88.43

(All the Cables added)

References:

Independent Cost:

Maplin / Seller: Maplin / CAT 6 UTP Network Patch Cables/

URL: http://www.maplin.co.uk/cat-6-utp-network-patch-cables-45889 / Last updated: 15 Nov 2011 / Date of Access: March 01, 2013, Time of Access: 15: 51

Specification:

D-Link / NCB-C6UGRYR-305-LS SOLID CABLE CAT 6, 4 PAIR, UTP-LSZH, 305M/

URL: http://www.dlink.co.in/products/?pid=486 / Last updated: 2013 / Date of Access: March 02, 2013, Time of Access: 16: 36

Recommendation:

EHow / DAUBER Ronnie / The Advantages & Disadvantages of a UTP Cable / URL: http://www.ehow.co.uk/list_6876095_advantages-disadvantages-utp-cable.html

Last updated: (Not Mention) / Date of Access: March 02, 2013, Time of Access: 16.27

Network Crossover Cables:

Network Hubs:

Hardware or Software (Image):

Quantity:

Technical Specification:

Purposes:

Recommendation

Safety Precautions:

Price:

TP-Link TL-SF1016D16 Port Unmanaged Hubs

TP-Link 16 Port Unmanaged 10/100 Desktop Switch Hub TL-SF1016D

4 x Hubs

Specification:

No Port: 16

Plug and Play ability

Bandwidth: 3.2Gbps

Connector Types: 16 x RJ 45

Transmission Method: Store and Forward

Duplex Mode: Half and Full

Support MAC address Learning

Protocols: 802.3 10BaseT

A Hub is a device which allows communication over all port within the Network. Unlike Switches a disadvantage of Hubs is it collision domain (incepting signal). This Hub will be used in order to connect the all the computer in a single room together. This type of connection is known as subnetting reducing the amount of collision in certain area of the network. This will henceforth create a concentrated area network.

Reducing the amount of collision occurring within the network is a key important. The reason why I chose to connect a Hub instead of a switch is due to the amount of computer connected to the network. As there is only about 7 computer connected to a single hub there won’t be as much collision as expected.

Do not open the hub device. Ensure that all plugs are off before inserting cables. Wear Rubber glove when inserting cables into device.

£ 91.68

(All the Hubs added)

References:

Independent Cost + Specification:

Kenable / Seller TP-Link / TP-Link 16 Port Unmanaged 10/100 Desktop Switch Hub TL-SF1016D/

URL: http://www.kenable.co.uk/product_info.php?cPath=22_31&products_id=3945

Last updated: 15 Nov 2011 / Date of Access: March 01, 2013, Time of Access: 14:24

Network LAN Cables:

Hardware or Software (Image):

Quantity:

Technical Specification:

Purposes:

Recommendation

Safety Precautions:

Price:

CAT 5e UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Network Cables

http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/31ZZcUDBb2L._SL500_AA300_.jpg

32 x 2 Meter

Specification:

Brand: Wired-Up

Maximum Range: 100 Meter

Header Section: RJ45

Conductor Metal: Copper

Heat Resistant: 75c Minimum

The CAT 5e Cables will be used in order to connect the hubs to the computer tower back panels.

See Network Crossover Cables Recommendation Sections

Ensure that all plugs are switch off before inserting cables into devices. Wear Rubber glove when inserting cables into device.

£ 91.68

(All the Hubs added)

References:

Independent Cost + Specification:

Amazon / Seller Name: Accessories Plus / Wired--up 2M Ethernet RJ45 Network Cable/

URL: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Wired--up-Ethernet-RJ45-Network-Cable/dp/B000I1T3ZE/ref=sr_1_1?s=computers&ie=UTF8&qid=1362861032&sr=1-1#productDetails

/ Last updated: (Not Mention) / Date of Access: March 03, 2013, Time of Access: 14: 12

Network Print Server:

Hardware or Software (Image):

Quantity:

Technical Specification:

Purposes:

Recommendation

Safety Precautions:

Price:

TP-Link TL-PS310U Single USB2.0 Port MFP Print Server

http://uk.tp-link.com/resources/images/products/gallery/TL-PS310U-01.jpg

2 x Print Server

Specification:

Port: USB 2.0 / RJ45

Power Consumption: 5 Volt

Protocols: TCP/IP

Management Type: Web Management

System Requirements: Window XP or Higher

A print server is used to stop and add a queue for the printing. This hence stops multiple messages from attacking a printer at once which can cause the printer fails. Reason upon choosing a print server is to allow the employees to print and obtain there print out one a time. This will not cause the printer to fail and stop the business at it tracks.

Reducing the amount of signal sent to the printer is key in keeping a business running. This ensure efficient use of the printer creating a similar approach known as the slotted aloha (See Glossary)

Do not open the print server device. Ensure that all plugs are off before inserting cables. Wear Rubber glove when inserting cables into device.

£ 45.94

(Both Print Server)

References:

Independent Cost:

Amazon / Seller Name: Amazon.co.uk / TP-Link TL-PS310U Single USB2.0 Port MFP Print and Storage Server /

URL: http://www.amazon.co.uk/TP-Link-TL-PS310U-Single-USB2-0-Storage/dp/B002LB8XFK/ref=sr_1_1?s=computers&ie=UTF8&qid=1362861537&sr=1-1#productDetails

Last updated: (Not Mention) / Date of Access: March 03 2013 / Time of Access: 14: 45

Specification:

TP-Link / Print Servers / URL: http://uk.tp-link.com/products/details/?model=TL-PS310U / Last updated: (Not Mention) / Date of Access: March 03 2013 / Time of Access: 14: 59

Network Server:

Hardware or Software (Image):

Quantity:

Technical Specification:

Purposes:

Recommendation

Safety Precautions:

Price:

DELL PowerEdgeâ„¢ R210 II

Mounted Rack Server

PowerEdge R210II Server - Business Value

3 x R210 II

Specification:

Chassis Diameter: 42.4H x 434.0W x 394.3

Power Usage: 250W Power Cable

Processor: Intel® Xeon® E3-1200

RAM: 32GB (4 DIMM slots)

Internal Storage: 6 TB

PCIe: 1 x PCIe x 16 G2 Slot

Video Card: Matrox G200eW w/8MB

The purpose of a server is to add extra power to computer systems. The Server type I have chosen is Rack base so you can add the entire servers unit on top of each other. Each server will be base within a server farm. Each server will have its own unique job which it will do for the warehouse. They will work upon Emails services for company own intranet. Database Server for deducting or adding to the database and a File server for Storing information for Backup.

I recommend these server to ensure that the business is up and running. This gives the administrator the ability to update the whole systems by changing a single server.

When inserting server into a Rack ensure you insert the server at the bottom. Ensure that all plugs are switch off before inserting cables into devices. Wear Rubber glove when inserting cables into device. Ensure that no liquid substance is near this device.

£ 1019.97

(For all 4 server)

(Exc. VAT)

References:

Specification: + Independent Cost:

Dell / DELL PowerEdgeâ„¢ R210 II /

URL: http://www.dell.com/uk/business/p/poweredge-r210-2/pd?oc=svr210iis&model_id=poweredge-r210-2&

Last updated: (Not Mention) / Date of Access: March 02, 2013, Time of Access: 21: 11

Network VPN Wireless Router:

Hardware or Software (Image):

Quantity:

Technical Specification:

Purposes:

Recommendation

Safety Precautions:

Price:

Multifunction RV180W-E-K9-G5 Virtual Private Network

(VPN) Wireless Router

http://media.dsgibusiness.com/img/products/P138524P.jpg

1

Specification:

Manufacture Part No: RV180W-E-K9-G5

Device Type: Wireless Router

Cable Interface: 10Base-T

Encryption Standard: Triple DES

MD5

AES

SHA-1

WPA-2

Remote Management Protocols: HTTP

SNMP

Router Protocols: RIP (Distance Vector)

Static IPv6

Connectivity Type: Wireless / Wired

The Virtual Private Network (VPN) Wireless Router is a perfect business management tool for wireless communication. This device can operate at 3 different levels which are bridge, repeater and router. Within this environment I shall be assigning this device as a router. The device itself contains a Secure Policy Index firewall which can ensure protection upon business data.

A Virtual Private Network device is a device which will allow communication from a remote area (In this case the Internet) however the data transmitted will be encrypted. This hence means anyone who intercept that data will not be able to use it. This is a powerful Business tool which should be incorporated. This will hence encrypted oncoming data to ensure that only certain site can be allowed access in to the server and networks.

Do not open the VPN Router

£ 136.21

(Inc. VAT)

References:

Independent Cost:

Amazon / Seller: Cisco / Cisco RV180W-E-K9-G5 Small Business Multifunction VPN Wireless Router /

URL: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Cisco-RV180W-E-K9-G5-Business-Multifunction-Wireless/dp/B007PVK8BS/ref=sr_1_2?s=computers&ie=UTF8&qid=1362773466&sr=1-2

/ Last Updated: Not Mention / Date of Access: March 02 2013 / Time of Access: 20:01

Specification:

Cisco / Cisco RV180W Wireless-N Multifunction VPN Router / URL: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps11996/index.html

/ Last Updated: Not Mention / Date of Access: March 02 2013 / Time of Access: 20:08

Network Receipt Printer:

Hardware or Software (Image):

Quantity:

Technical Specification:

Purposes:

Recommendation

Safety Precautions:

Price:

Star Micronics TSP654L-24 Thermal Receipt Printer

http://content.etilize.com/Large/1014555307.jpg

1

Specification:

Print Colour: Monochrome

Maximum Mono Print: 150 mm/s

Bar Code Supported: PDF-417

Cutter: Auto Cutter / Automatic

Port: USB / Serial / Parallel

Paper Type: Roll Paper

A receipt printer is use within industry to print out receipt for customer of the parcel they have purchase. Mainly used within delivery scenarios.

I recommend this printer because of it auto cutter functionality. In addition the ink cost might be quite high (around 15 – 50 range) however it can last quite a long time. In addition it thermal capability will allow to print out at quite a high speed.

Do not open the printer.

£ 311.11

References:

Specification + Independent Cost:

FrontierPC / Star Micronics TSP654L-24 Direct Thermal Printer - Monochrome - Desktop - Receipt Print /

URL: http://www.frontierpc.com/printers/thermal-label-printers/direct-thermal-printer/starmicronics/star-micronics-tsp650-tsp654l-24-receipt-printer-gry-1014555307.html

/ Last updated: (Not mention) / Date of Access: March 03, 2013, Time of Access: 13:41

Network Antivirus + Firewall:

Hardware or Software (Image):

Quantity:

Technical Specification:

Purposes:

Recommendation

Safety Precautions:

Price:

Norton Internet Security 2012

http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/81RYN%2BbNhLL._AA1500_.jpg

1

(Only last for a Year)

Specification:

Contain: Anti-Virus

Anti-Spyware

SONAR protection

Smart Firewall

Email Protection

Browser Protection

Identity Safe

Norton Internet Security is used in order to protect against upon oncoming attack. This Software provides an Anti-Virus and Firewall Protection.

I recommend this software because it one of the top leading brand to virus and firewall protection. Using this software will ensure in keeping business data safe

£ 311.11

References:

Specification + Independent Cost:

Amazon / Seller: Convey Solutions/ Norton Internet Security 2012, 3 Computers, 1 Year Subscription (PC)/

URL: http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B005INFE3M/?tag=hydra0b-21&hvadid=9550932549&ref=asc_df_B005INFE3M

Last Updated: Not Mention / Date of Access: March 02 2013 / Time of Access: 20:21

Network Backup:

Hardware or Software (Image):

Quantity:

Technical Specification:

Purposes:

Recommendation

Safety Precautions:

Price:

Seagate 2TB Expansion USB 3.0 External Hard drive

http://i.ebayimg.com/t/New-Seagate-2TB-Expansion-USB-3-0-3-5-Desktop-External-Hard-Drive-STBV2000200-/00/s/NTAwWDUwMA==/$T2eC16JHJGYE9nooiM5!BQMjweIKpw~~60_35.JPG

1

Specification:

USB Type: 3.0

Interface: 3.5

Capacity: 2 Tb

Model Number: STBV2000200

An external Hard drive will act as an extra protection tool in case if files get loss. It is important to keep regular update of files just in case the server fails.

I recommend keeping a backup of all files just in case a power outage occur and the business loses there files. This can hence have a huge impact on the business itself. I propose after backup removing the hard drive and storing it a separate area (Administrator room).

Do not open the Hard drive device as this could cause permanent damage to the device.

£65.99

Crossover References:

Specification + Independent Cost:

Amazon / Seller: Amazon.co.uk / Seagate STBV2000200 2TB Expansion USB 3.0 3.5 inch External Hard Drive – Black /

URL: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Seagate-STBV2000200-Expansion-External-Drive/dp/B0084LZI5Y/ref=sr_1_cc_3?s=aps&ie=UTF8&qid=1362916103&sr=1-3-catcorr

Last Updated: Not Mention / Date of Access: March 02 2013 / Time of Access: 21:12

Uninterruptible Power Supplies:

Hardware or Software (Image):

Quantity:

Technical Specification:

Purposes:

Recommendation

Safety Precautions:

Price:

Dell UPS 2700W

Uninterruptible Power Supplies

Dell UPS External Battery Module for 2700W UPS Rack/Tower 3U - Kit

1

Specification:

Brand: Dell

Device Type: Uninterruptible Power Supplies

Battery Type: External

Voltage: 2700W

A Uninterruptible power supply is a device which will supply power for a certain amount of time when an outage occur. This device is an important aspect within a business design.

This device is greatly recommended as it can save a business when there a power outage. This device can keep a business running for at least 3 hour which is enough time in order to back up all the business data onto the external hard drive.

Do not open this device. Ensure when handling this device rubber gloves are worn. When adding the power supply ensures that all power is turn off at the time. Ensure that no liquid substance is near this device.

£ 751.19

Crossover References:

Independent Cost + Specification:

Dell / Author Not Mention / Dell UPS External Battery Module for 2700W UPS Rack/Tower 3U – Kit / URL: http://accessories.euro.dell.com/sna/productdetail.aspx?c=uk&l=en&s=dhs&cs=ukdhs1&sku=450-14153&baynote_bnrank=6&baynote_irrank=0&~ck=baynoteSearch

Last updated: Not Mention / Date of Access: March 01, 2013, Time of Access: 16: 14

Part C: Research Questions:

C1: What are three main characteristics of a router?

A Router (also known as a Gateway) is a transport device which allows devices to connect to a network and also transmits data (BUNDDEL, 2007). A router itself, operate at Network layer of the OSI model (also known as Internet layer in the TCP/IP).

One of the main characteristic of a router is to breakdown a stream of data into datagrams and transfers them over a Network. A datagram is a "chunk" of data which is also known as packet (BRADFORD, 2007). If the datagram transfers are too large they are hence broken down to smaller packets. This is known as "Fragmentation". There are numerous of definitions for the term fragmentation however within networking, fragmentation is the breaking up of bigger packets (or datagrams) into smaller packets within a network which can only hold a smaller packet size (BRADFORD, 2007).

Another characteristic of a router is to determine the destination of the datagram (BLUNDELL, 2007). This work by analysing the routing table of the datagram and uses this information within table to work out the next destination. A routing table is a table which contain a collection of information of IP address (a specific address for a router to pass information), the next gateway (the next jump require to take) and an interface (require for sending data to the next router) (BRADFORD, 2007).

The final characteristic is known as routing protocols. The routing protocols are based upon an "internal map" which allows the router to communicate between other protocols to create an internal route to access data within the internet (BRADFORD, 2007). There are two set of classes of routing protocols. These are known as interior gateway protocols and exterior gateway protocols. As the name suggest an interior gateway protocols is based upon a "local routing" such as university. In addition these types of protocols are based upon a static scheme (A simple network).

Diagram C.1: Routing Algorithm (Appendix B for References):

http://www.h3c.com/portal/res/200701/18/20070118_24278_image002_d2f20799-7fc5-40c3-828a-a81237ad8260__0.gif

An exterior gateway protocols is a "non-local routing" which is based on communication of a dynamic scheme. This is based upon a larger area network such as communication between different universities within the region (BLUNDELL, 2007). There are different types of protocols, which are the following:

Routing information protocols (RIP) was a popular protocols standard until it was replace by newer standard. This protocol uses a "distance vector algorithm" which works by analysing the number of jumps require for the next router (BUCHANAN, 2000). The max number of jumps allowed is 16. In addition

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a protocol which replace RIP due to it advantage of reducing "routing table update" (BUCHANAN, 2007). This protocol uses the "link state algorithm" works by obtaining data of the entire router within the regions and work out the shortest route. OSPF has much advantage over the RIP protocol such as the ability to analyse different route to take as well and reducing the number of jumps require to take.

C2: What are three main differences between TCP/IP application and internet layers?

The TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) consist of the "entire suite of data communication protocol" (HUNT, 2002). The TCP/IP was developed by DARPA (Department of Defence Four Layer Model) as a type of standard for communication over a network.

The first difference is the type of layer which both layers corresponds to in the Open System Interconnection (OSI). The Application layer of the TCP/IP model is known to be parallel to the layers of the OSI model of the application, presentation and sessions layers. The Internet Layer (also known as the Network layer) is the layer base upon transfer of datagrams over a network. It relates to the network layer within the OSI model and also provides the routing of datagrams within a network.

Next difference is the protocols standard used by the layers. The application layer itself "provide protocols" such as File Transfer protocols (FTP) and Hypertext transport protocol (HTTP) (BRADFORD, 2007). This layer provides the basis of how data is encapsulated and display by the user by providing "specific application services" (BLUNDELL, 2007). In addition, certain protocol provided within the application layer can help provide services to the IP layer. For example the Domain Name System (DNS) convert IP addresses into logical naming scheme provided for user.

The Internet layer is based upon IP addresses which an address is given in order to identify other peripherals device on a Network. The IPv4 standards for a network device consist of a Network ID (Prefix) and a Host ID (Suffix) which is created by 32 bit address separated by 8 octets (BUCHANAN, 2000). This is known as a dotted decimal notation. An example ID is "192. 168. 2. 1." The newly devised standard IPv6 is taking over consists of 64 bit Network ID and a 64 bit Host ID (MURPHY, 2013).

The final different is classification of these protocols. The Application layer has a classification for each protocol base upon port numbers. Each port has it unique number assigned to it which ranges from 0 to 65536. For port under 256 this is known as "Well Known Port" (BUCHANAN, 2000). For instance HTTP has a port number of 80 and SMTP has a port number of 25 (Webopedia Staff, 2011). In contrast, the Internet layer has a set of classification for it IP addresses. There are at least five classification used within this layer. Each classification has a specific amount of Network and a specific amount of Host. Note this table is based upon IPv4 addresses:

Table C2.1: Network Classes:

Classes:

Definition:

Class A Addresses

Class A addresses are not a popular network design due to the least amount of host available. This Class range from "1.0.0.0" to "126.0.0.0". The IP address "127.0.0.0" is known as a Loopback address which is a reserve address used in order to check if TCP/IP is working. The first octet defines the Network and the other 3 octet define the Host.

Class B Addresses

Class B addresses are a popular network. Due to popularity the Classes of B addresses are reducing. Most organisation want Class B address which hence causes the three bear’s problem. Class B addresses range from "128.0.0.0" to "191.0.0.0". The first and second octets define the Network and the other 2 octets define the Host.

Class C Addresses

Class C addresses are mainly used by CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing). This hence allocates more C classes which allow network more than 254 hosts ((BUCHANAN, 2000). These addresses range from "192.0.0.0" to "223.0.0.0". The first three octets define the Network and the other final octets define the Host.

Class D Addresses

Class D addresses are known as Multicasting address. This work by sending a "single packet to multiple hosts" (BUCHANAN, 2000). This is also known as Multicasting. These addresses range from "224.0.0.0" to "239.255.255.255".

Class E Addresses

Class E addresses are mainly used for experimental purposes such as testing IPv6. These addresses are range from "240.0.0.0" to "247.255.255.255".

Reference:

BUCHANAN, William (2000): Computer Busses - Design and Application / ISBN: 0340740760 / Publish: 27 Mar 2000 / London, UK: Arnold Publishers

HUNT. Craig (2002): TCP/IP Network Administration / ISBN: 9780596002978 / Edition: 3rd / Publish: 11 April 2002 / USA: O’Reilly Media Inc.

G. BLUNDELL Barry: Computer System and Networks / ISBN: 9781844806393 / Publish: 31 Jan 2007 / Hampshire, UK: CEngage Learning EMEA

BRADFORD. Russell: The Art of Computer Networking / ISBN: 9780321306760 / Publish: 2007 / Essex, UK: Pearson Education Limited

Webopedia Staff (2010): Well-Known TCP Port Numbers / URL: http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/portnumbers.asp / Last updated: 07/20/2011 / Date of Access: March 03 2013, Time of Access: 11: 25

Murphy, Stephen, "Network Addressing"/ Lecture presented on 7th February 2013 / Birmingham City University / unpublished

Bibliography:

(Author not mention) Microsoft TechNet (2013) / Microsoft TechNet / URL:http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc958821.aspx / Last updated: 2011 / Date of Access: March 03 2013, Time of Access: 11: 23

Murphy, Stephen, "LAN Design Issues"/ Lecture presented on 22th January 2013 / Birmingham City University / unpublished

Murphy, Stephen, "Local Area Network Design"/ Lecture presented on 29th January 2013 / Birmingham City University / unpublished

K.T. Yeo (2002): Critical failure factors in information system projects / ISSN: 0263-7863 / Volume No: 02 / Issue No: 20 / Publish + Copyrights: Elsevier Science Ltd and IPMA / Date: 2002

USwitch (Author Not Mention) / What is a wireless router? / URL: http://www.uswitch.com/broadband/guides/what_is_a_wireless_router/ Last updated: (Not Mention) / Date of Access: January 29 2013, Time of Access: 10:02

Technopedia (Jassen Cory) / Twisted Pair Ethernet / URL: http://www.techopedia.com/definition/25741/twisted-pair-ethernet / Last updated: (Not Mention) / Date of Access: March 01 2013, Time of Access: 15:06