A Definitions And Concepts Of Ethics

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

Abstract: Computer hacking is discussed sequentially with respect to: social and business ethics, fraud legislation, computer misuse legislation and computer controls. Enacting computer-specific statutes is the approach that is increasingly popular – UK, US and Canadian responses are described. But law can only serve as one plank in prevention and deterrence of hacking, while enforcement will present problems. Computer auditors and security specialists must play a more significant role. Security precautions are summarised.……………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

This paper has specifically focused on the …………………………………………………………..... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………(summary of the term paper, single spacing – 3 marks)

Keywords: Ethics, etc…. (single spacing – 2 marks)

Introduction

In recent years there are many increasing choices and opportunities provided by information technologies have been an important step in the interpretation of ethics. In most developing countries, individuals like to have advanced technologies parallel to technological developments. mostly, many computers and internet have been adopted in all department, field of the society bringing them to an influential and unique.

Nowadays Information technology (IT) has benefited to individuals, organizations and businesses. Information technology, in ways that are beyond what we could have thought in the past decade. Furthermore, now, the use of computers often misused the use of computers is also subjected to abuse in ways that no ordinary human being can imagine. Computer abuse incidents are usually associated with the behavior of someone surfing the internet for non-work related purposes and usually engage in various activities that deviate such as document forgery, plagiarism, the lie and hacking. Computer abuse continues to proliferate in organizations as computers become pervasive and inevitable to users in knowledge-based societies (Peterson, 2002; Conger and Loch, 1995). The consequence to this emerging phenomenon can be highly costly to organizations. Evident in a recent report indicates, "a typical company of 1,000 employees could lose up to £2.5m a year through non-business use of the Internet". Further, a survey published by an employment law firm in Peninsula Ireland revealed that Irish employees spent an average of 90 minutes per day on social networking sites, which worked out to be 43 working days per year (reported in O'Donnell, 2008)

Manipulating technology in a way to use information correctly and realize information flow effectively is a necessity (Moor, 2004). However, ineffectiveness of policies to guide individuals while using computers to serve for the greater good allows unique ethical problems to emerge. Such problems urge all individuals to consider computer ethics in a more meticulous way (Intro to the topic, term definition, current issues etc.- 10 marks )

Methodology

In completing this term paper, primary and secondary literatures are used to enable in depth understanding of the content of that article. To develop and write the content of that article, I use methodology from observation and from my literature review. Based on my observation, what I observe is many among of individual include student, staff in organization and others always misuse of computers during working hours or when they are in the classroom for students. they make other works of real business like face book surfing, downloading apps, videos, music and so on. Activity had violated ethics in the use of computers. in addition, based on the literature review I have read, indicates many ethical issues associated with this computer. Beside that, mostly I just gain the information from the surfing internet and also from reading article from online databases. I did not use any survey, interview and collection of data from questionnaire to gain the information in this article. From the primary and secondary literature also, I also know the challenges that faced by the individual or organization. In order to reduce the challenge that faced by them, I was propose some recommendation to challenge the challenges that faced by them. The primary and secondary literature method that are used, is very crucial thing to know on what happened among the people that are based on their behavior or ethics, and also to know whether the computer ethic are really help them.

Definitions and concepts of Ethics

Ethics can be in a various definition and concept are be define by individual, organization or others. According to Wikipedia website, ethics can be define as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. That website also state the term comes from the Greek word ethos, which means "character". Ethics is a complement to Aesthetics in the philosophy field of Axiology. In philosophy, ethics studies the moral behavior in humans, and how one should act. Wikipedia also state another reference which state the definition of ethics, According to Tomas Paul and Linda Elder of the Foundation for Critical Thinking, "most people confuse ethics with behaving in accordance with social conventions, religious beliefs, and the law", and don't treat ethics as a stand-alone concept. Paul and Elder define ethics as "a set of concepts and principles that guide us in determining what behavior helps or harms sentient creatures". The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy states that the word ethics is "commonly used interchangeably with 'morality’ and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition, group, or individual. In my understanding, ethics is standard and procedures in ourselves that we need to follow and should vigilant in every action are be make. According in Wikipedia, ethics can be divide in four major area of study. Furthermore, ethics can be in basic concept and fundamental principles of kind of human conduct. I also think, ethics also can be relate with, gender age, background, environment, land, health and safety. I state that, it is because ethics can be defined as general. So, I try to related with human and natural. What I think, every of ethics can be depend on many factors, such as age, gender, background of human. It is because, every ethics that are followed is depend on human self. For example, if that person in bad background, I believe, he/she sure not follow that any ethics if they think, that is not important. Other than that, mostly a elders sometimes not follow any ethics in their daily life if they in further age. I also think, the natural of countries is related to the ethics as well. For example, a natural environment also involves ethics. I am sure, without ethical, nature of the earth will no longer on the planet. This is because; the earth will be destroyed if there are no ethics in us self and the law. Besides that, in health and safety concept, without ethics I believe the riots will happen every day and sure our healthy will affect.

There are various definitions of computer ethics, it can be defines as branch of practical philosophy which deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct (Wikipedia 2013).

The name "computer ethics" was not commonly used until the mid-1970s when Walter Maner began to use it. He defined this field of study as one that examines "ethical problems aggravated, transformed or created by computer technology." Some old ethical problems, he said, were made worse by computers, while others came into existence because of computer technology. He suggested that we should use traditional ethical theories of philosophers, such as the utilitarian ethics of the English philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, or the rationalistethics of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (Maner’s, 1996).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… In her book, Computer Ethics (1985), Deborah Johnson said that computer ethics studies the way in which computers "pose new versions of standard moral problems and moral dilemmas, exacerbating the old problems, and forcing us to apply ordinary moral norms in uncharted realms." Like Maner before her, Johnson adopted the "applied philosophy" approach of using procedures and concepts from utilitarianism and Kantianism. But, unlike Maner, she did not believe that computers create wholly new moral problems. Rather, she thought that computers gave a "new twist" to ethical questions that were already well known.

.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………According Moor’s In his influential article "What Is Computer Ethics?" (1985), James Moor provided a definition of computer ethics that is much broader and more wide-ranging than those of Maner or Johnson. It is independent of any specific philosopher’s theory; and it is compatible with a wide variety of approaches to ethical problem-solving. Since 1985, Moor’s definition has been the most influential one. He defined computer ethics as a field concerned with "policy vacuums" and "conceptual muddles" regarding the social and ethical use of information technology.

Another definition of computer ethics is according to website Techterms.com Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behavior of a group or individual. Therefore, computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers. Some common issues of computer ethics include intellectual property rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy concerns, and how computers affect society.

Computer Ethics Conceptual Theory

Intellectual property

Idea of creation by individual; example names, images, design, artistic work.

Computer crime

Refers to any related crime based on computer. For example, deception

Professional responsibility

have specialized knowledge and usually have authority, position and respect in the community

Computer abuse

the use of computer to alter data or use to gain unlawful computer or services

Privacy

individual condition of life by exclusion from publicity

Figure 1: the computer crime conceptual

Challenges in Encouraging Ethical Behaviors Among Information / Information Technology Personnel

There are several common challenges in developing ethical society identified ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Resistance to change attitudes and behaviors

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Recommendations to Address the Challenges in Encouraging Ethical Behaviors Among Information / Information Technology Personnel

In response to these challenges, several recommendations are proposed as follows:

Top management strategy

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Conclusion

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